Backed by research. Proven in studies.
Every study behind this site, organised by category and linked to the source. Research, not promises: the tiers say where the evidence sits, not what a machine will do for you.
- Established licensed hospital practice
- Emerging early trials, more data needed
- Wellness general references
Bhutani S, Vishwanath G. Hyperbaric oxygen and wound healingThom SR. Hyperbaric oxygen, its mechanisms and efficacyThom SR. Oxidative stress is fundamental to hyperbaric oxygen therapyWingelaar TT, Brinkman P, van Ooij PJAM, et al. Markers of Pulmonary Oxygen…Read the study, doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hch074
Fife CE, Eckert KA, Carter MJ. An update on the appropriate role for hyperbaric…Thom SR. Oxidative stress is fundamental to hyperbaric oxygen therapyFujita N, Ono M, Tomioka T, et al. Effects of hyperbaric oxygen at 1.25 atmospheres…Vadas D, Kalichman L, Hadanny A, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen environment can enhance…Hink J, Jansen E. Are superoxide and/or hydrogen peroxide responsible for some of…
Harch PG, Fogarty EF. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for Alzheimer’s dementia with…Shapira R, Efrati S, Ashery U. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy as a new approach for…Qiang, Li Lan, Xiong Su-qin, Yan Yu-fen, Li Dan, Yan Na-na, Chen Hong-ping, Liu…Efrati S, Golan H, Bechor Y, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy can diminish…Hadanny A, Bechor Y, Catalogna M, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy can induce…
Efrati S, Golan H, Bechor Y, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy can diminish…Hadanny A, Bechor Y, Catalogna M, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy can induce…Efrati S, Hadanny A, Daphna-Tekoah S, et al. Recovery of repressed memories in…Yildiz S, Kiralp MZ, Akin A, et al. A new modality for fibromyalgia syndrome,…Rossignol DA, Bradstreet JJ, Van Dyke K, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen in autism…
Rossignol DA, Bradstreet JJ, Van Dyke K, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen in autism…Rossignol DA, Rossignol LW, Smith S, et al. Hyperbaric for children with autism, a…Xiong T, Chen H, Luo R, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for people with autism…Rossignol DA, Rossignol LW. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy may improve symptoms in…Rossignol DA, Frye RE. Evidence linking oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction
Çimşit M, Uzun G, & Yıldız S (2009) Hyperbaric oxygen therapy as an anti-infective…Ezra N, Dang K, Heuser G. Improvement of attention span and reaction time with…Mader JT, Brown GL, Guckian JC, et al. A mechanism for the amelioration by…Delasotta LA, Hanflik A, Bicking G, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen for osteomyelitis in a…Ciofu O, Tolker-Nielsen T. Tolerance and resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa…Kolpen M, Lerche CJ, Kragh KN, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen sensitizes anoxic…
İyikesici M, Slocum A, Slocum A, et al. (July 07, 2017) Efficacy of Metabolically…Poff AM, Ari C, Seyfried TN, et al. (2013) The ketogenic diet and hyperbaric oxygen…Seyfried, TN, Mukherjee, P. Nutr Metab (Lond) (2005) 2, 30Vander Heiden MG, Cantley LC, Thompson CB. Understanding the Warburg effect, the…Moen I, Stuhr LE. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy and cancer–a review
Moen I, Stuhr LE. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy and cancer–a reviewThom SR, Bhopale VM, Yang M. Microparticle-induced vascular injury in mice…Niezgoda JA, Serena TE, Carter MJ. Outcomes of radiation injuries using hyperbaric…Stępień K, Ostrowski RP, Matyja E. Hyperbaric oxygen as an adjunctive therapy in…Oscarsson N, Ny L, Mölne J, Lind F, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen reverses radiation…
Health Quality Ontario. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for the management of diabetic…Bhutani S, Vishwanath G. Hyperbaric oxygen and wound healingHou S, Wu G, Liang J, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen on rehabilitation of brain tumors…Perren S, Gatt A, Papanas N, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in ischaemic foot…Eskes AM, Ubbink DT, Lubbers MJ, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy, solution for…Löndahl M, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy facilitates healing of chronic foot ulcers in patients with diabetes · Diabetes Care, 2010
Boussi-Gross R, Golan H, Fishlev G, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy can improve…Tal S, Hadanny A, Sasson E, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy can induce…Meng XE, Zhang Y, Li N, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen alleviates secondary brain injury…Hadanny A, Abbott S, Suzin G, et al. Effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on chronic…Dong Y, Hu XH, Wu T, et al. Effect of hyperbaric oxygenation therapy on…Boussi-Gross R, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy can improve post concussion syndrome years after mild traumatic brain injury: randomized prospective trial · PLoS ONE, 2013
Rosario ER, Kaplan SE, Khonsari S, et al. The effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy…Ostrowski RP, Stępień K, Pucko E, Matyja E. The efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen in…Liska GM, Lippert T, Russo E, et al. A dual role for hyperbaric oxygen in stroke…Efrati S, Fishlev G, Bechor Y, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen induces late…Hadanny A, Efrati S. Oxygen–a limiting factor for brain recovery
Thom SR, Bhopale VM, Velazquez OC, et al. Stem cell mobilization by hyperbaric…Oyaizu T, Enomoto M, Yamamoto N, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen reduces inflammation,…Liska GM, Lippert T, Russo E, et al. A dual role for hyperbaric oxygen in stroke…Peña-Villalobos I, Casanova-Maldonado I, Lois P, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen increases…Fosen KM, Thom SR. Hyperbaric oxygen, vasculogenic stem cells, and wound healingMilovanova TN, Bhopale VM, Sorokina EM, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen stimulates…
Eve DJ, Steele MR, Sanberg PR, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy as a potential…Harch PG, Andrews SR, Fogarty EF, et al. Case control study, hyperbaric oxygen…He H, Li X, He Y. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy attenuates neuronal apoptosis induced…Nazario J, Kuffler DP. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy and promoting neurological…Hu Q, Manaenko A, Xu T, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for traumatic brain injury
Nazario J, Kuffler DP. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy and promoting neurological…Hu Q, Manaenko A, Xu T, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for traumatic brain injuryTaghizadeh Asl M, Nemati R, Chabi N, et al. Brain perfusion imaging with…Oroglu B, Turker T, Aktas S, et al. Effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on tense…Hadanny A, Efrati S. Oxygen–a limiting factor for brain recovery
Meng XE, Zhang Y, Li N, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen alleviates secondary brain injury…Dulai PS, Gleeson MW, Taylor D, et al. (2014), Systematic review, the safety and…Hui J, Zhang ZJ, Zhang X, et al. Repetitive hyperbaric oxygen manage attenuates…Li F, Fang L, Huang S, et al. Hyperbaric oxygenation therapy alleviates chronic…Choudhury R. Hypoxia and hyperbaric oxygen therapy, a reviewHe H, Li X, He Y. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy attenuates neuronal apoptosis induced…
Schmidt TM, Kao JY. A little O2 may go a long way in structuring the GI microbiomeNyabanga CT, Kulkarni G, Shen B. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for chronic…Albenberg L, Esipova TV, Judge CP, et al. Correlation between intraluminal oxygen…Crabbé A, Jensen PO, Bjarnsholt T, et al. Antimicrobial tolerance and metabolic…Goyal A, Chonis T, Cooper JS. Hyperbaric cardiovascular effects
Goyal A, Chonis T, Cooper JS. Hyperbaric cardiovascular effectsRead the study, doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0065522M A, Ummer VS, Maiya AG, et al. Low level laser therapy for the patients with…Wang EB, Kaur R, Fierro M, et al. Safety and penetration of light into the brainMitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation defect in the heart of subjects with…Jang S, Lewis TS, Powers C, et al. Elucidating mitochondrial electron transport…
Efrati S, Fishlev G, Bechor Y, Volkov O, Bergan J, Kliakhandler K, et al. (2013)…Read the study, doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0053716Boussi-Gross R, Golan H, Fishlev G, Bechor Y, Volkov O, Bergan J, et al. (2013)…Read the study, doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0079995Read the study, doi.org/10.1155/2018/3172679
Zilberman-Itskovich S, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy improves neurocognitive functions and symptoms of post-COVID condition: randomized controlled trial · Scientific Reports, 2022Long term outcomes of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in post-COVID condition: longitudinal follow-up of a randomized controlled trial · Scientific Reports, 2024
Categories reflect where the research sits today, not what we claim a chamber does. Every link opens the study itself.
What lies at the heart of photobiomodulation: light, cytochrome c oxidase and nitric oxide Review of the evidence · 2020Mechanisms and applications of the anti-inflammatory effects of photobiomodulation Hamblin · AIMS Biophysics, 2017de Freitas LF, Hamblin MR. Proposed mechanisms of photobiomodulation or low-level light therapy · IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 2016Huang YY, Sharma SK, Carroll J, Hamblin MR. Biphasic dose response in low level light therapy, an update · Dose-Response, 2011Evidence-based consensus on the clinical application of photobiomodulation · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 2025Effects of photobiomodulation on multiple health outcomes: an umbrella review of randomized clinical trials · Systematic Reviews, 2025
Weeklong improved colour contrast sensitivity after single 670nm exposures Shinhmar et al. · Scientific Reports, 2021Shinhmar H, et al. Optically improved mitochondrial function redeems aged human visual decline · Journals of Gerontology: Series A, 2020LIGHTSITE III: 13-month efficacy and safety evaluation of multiwavelength photobiomodulation in dry age-related macular degeneration, randomized controlled trial · Retina, 2024
A controlled trial of red and near-infrared light: wrinkles, roughness and collagen density Wunsch & Matuschka · Photomedicine and Laser Surgery, 2014Barolet D, et al. Regulation of skin collagen metabolism in vitro using a pulsed 660 nm LED light source: clinical correlation with a single-blinded study · Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 2009Papageorgiou P, et al. Phototherapy with blue (415 nm) and red (660 nm) light in the treatment of acne vulgaris · British Journal of Dermatology, 2000Avci P, et al. Low-level laser (light) therapy in skin: stimulating, healing, restoring · Seminars in Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery, 2013Lee SY, et al. A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, split-face clinical study on LED phototherapy for skin rejuvenation · Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B, 2007
Vanin AA, et al. Photobiomodulation therapy for the improvement of muscular performance and reduction of muscular fatigue: systematic review and meta-analysis · Lasers in Medical Science, 2018Leal-Junior EC, et al. Effect of phototherapy on exercise performance and markers of exercise recovery: systematic review with meta-analysis · Lasers in Medical Science, 2015Ferraresi C, et al. Photobiomodulation in human muscle tissue: an advantage in sports performance? · Journal of Biophotonics, 2016
Hamblin MR. Shining light on the head: photobiomodulation for brain disorders · BBA Clinical, 2016Transcranial photobiomodulation increases cognition and serum BDNF levels in adults over 50: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial · Journal of Psychiatric Research, 2024Can transcranial photobiomodulation improve cognitive function? A systematic review of human studies · Ageing Research Reviews, 2022Naeser MA, et al. Significant improvements in cognitive performance after transcranial red and near-infrared LED treatments in chronic mild traumatic brain injury: open-protocol study · Journal of Neurotrauma, 2014Salehpour F, et al. Brain photobiomodulation therapy: a narrative review · Molecular Neurobiology, 2018
Cassano P, et al. Transcranial photobiomodulation for the treatment of major depressive disorder: the ELATED-2 pilot trial · Photomedicine and Laser Surgery, 2018Very low-level transcranial photobiomodulation for major depressive disorder: the ELATED-3 multicenter, randomized, sham-controlled trial · Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 2022
Chow RT, et al. Efficacy of low-level laser therapy in the management of neck pain: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials · The Lancet, 2009Bjordal JM, et al. A systematic review of low level laser therapy with location-specific doses for pain from chronic joint disorders · Australian Journal of Physiotherapy, 2003Huang Z, et al. The effectiveness of low-level laser therapy for nonspecific chronic low back pain: systematic review and meta-analysis · Arthritis Research & Therapy, 2015Effects of different energy density low-level laser therapies for temporomandibular joint disorders: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials · 2021
Stausholm MB, et al. Efficacy of low-level laser therapy on pain and disability in knee osteoarthritis: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled trials · BMJ Open, 2019Tumilty S, et al. Low level laser treatment of tendinopathy: a systematic review with meta-analysis · Photomedicine and Laser Surgery, 2010
Höfling DB, et al. Low-level laser in the treatment of patients with hypothyroidism induced by chronic autoimmune thyroiditis: randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial · Lasers in Medical Science, 2013Höfling DB, et al. Safety and efficacy of low-level laser therapy in autoimmune thyroiditis: long-term follow-up study · International Journal of Endocrinology, 2018
Zhao J, et al. Red light and the sleep quality and endurance performance of Chinese female basketball players · Journal of Athletic Training, 2012Transcranial photobiomodulation improves sleep quality, reduces daytime sleepiness, and modulates delta power in chronic insomnia: randomized controlled trial · Lasers in Medical Science, 2025Photobiomodulation and sleep quality: systematic review and meta-analysis · Lasers in Medical Science, 2026
Mosca RC, et al. Photobiomodulation therapy for wound care: a potent, noninvasive, photoceutical approach · Advances in Skin & Wound Care, 2019Photobiomodulation using red and infrared spectrum LED for the healing of diabetic foot ulcers: controlled randomized clinical trial · Lasers in Medical Science, 2024
Comparative effectiveness of low-level laser therapy for adult androgenic alopecia: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials · Lasers in Medical Science, 2019Lanzafame RJ, et al. The growth of human scalp hair in females using visible red light laser and LED sources · Lasers in Surgery and Medicine, 2014
Liebert A, et al. Improvements in clinical signs of Parkinson’s disease using photobiomodulation: a prospective proof-of-concept study · BMC Neurology, 2021Liebert A, et al. Improvements in clinical signs and symptoms of Parkinson’s disease using photobiomodulation: a five-year follow-up · BMC Neurology, 2024Effectiveness of photobiomodulation to treat motor and non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease: randomised clinical trial with extended treatment · Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2025
Baxter GD, et al. Low level laser therapy (photobiomodulation therapy) for breast cancer-related lymphedema: a systematic review · BMC Cancer, 2017Smoot B, et al. Effect of low-level laser therapy on pain and swelling in women with breast cancer-related lymphedema: systematic review and meta-analysis · Journal of Cancer Survivorship, 2015
Effects of photobiomodulation in the treatment of fractures: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials · Lasers in Medical Science, 2019Effect of photobiomodulation on pain relief and functional improvement in fractures: systematic review and meta-analysis · Annals of Medicine, 2026
A younger field with a younger library. We add to this list as new work publishes, including the research programme we support with Professor Glen Jeffery at UCL.
All studies and guides
Every article in the studies blog, newest first.
- Think Clearer
- Build Resilience
- Build Performance & Endurance
- Overcoming Claustrophobia in Hyperbaric Oxygen Chamber
- The 10 Pillars of Health: Foundations of a Healthy Life
- Guided by Experts
- HBOT and Red Light Contraindications
- Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT)
- Red Light Therapy (RLT)
- Hydrogen Water: The Promising Elixir for Energy, Recovery, and Youthful Living
- Red Light Therapy for Muscle Recovery & Performance
- Red Light Therapy: A Game-Changer for Recovery, Performance, and Well-Being
- Unlocking Peak Performance: How PEMF Therapy Enhances Athletic Recovery and Endurance
- The Power of Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy for Health, Recovery, and Performance
- Exploring the Multidimensional Benefits of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy: Insights from Recent Research
Prefer the plain-English version?
The studies are the source material. The story they tell, told the way we wish it had been told to us, is on the explainer pages.
